ISSN: 2158-7051 ==================== INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RUSSIAN STUDIES ==================== ISSUE NO. 8 ( 2019/2 ) |
CHURCHILL’S ABANDONED PRISONERS THE BRITISH SOLDIERS DECEIVED IN THE RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR, By Ayse Dietrich*,
Published by: Casemate Publishers, UK. Written by Rupert Wieloch, Year of Publishing: 2019. Subject Area:
Russian History, Civil War,
Book Type: History. Total Number of Pages: 258. ISBN: 9781612007533,
$32.95 (Hardcover).
When the Bolsheviks decided to withdraw from World War I and
signed the Brest-Litovsk Treaty with Germany, the British government realized
that all British military material in Russia would be taken by the Bolsheviks
and Germany would gain access to Russian coastal waters. As a result, the
Allied forces decided to intervene to stop German advance. 300 British troops
were sent by the British government to Lithuania, Murmansk, Vladivostok, Archangel and to the south Caucasus after World War I to
prevent German forces from accessing Russian coasts, to protect the war
material from capture by the Germans and to support the Whites in order to
defeat the Bolsheviks. It was not until 1920 that all the British troops were
evacuated from Russia.
This book is
about 15 British captives held by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War. The
Allies’ effort to defeat the Central Powers was complicated by the 1917
Bolshevik Revolution, and it was this factor more than ideological differences
with the Bolsheviks that led the Allies to send American, French, British,
Italian, Czech, Greek and Japanese troops to various
sites across Russia. These troops were supposed to assist the ‘White Russian’,
anti-Bolshevik forces, but the Allies were worried about becoming entangled in
a Russian civil war after more than three years of bloody, inconclusive
fighting in western Europe. The result was that the
number of soldiers sent to Russia was sufficient for a respectable ‘show of
force’ demonstrating Allied concerns about Russia’ future, but insufficient to
tip the Russian Civil War in the ‘Whites’ favor.
One man who became a part of this
Allied effort was an American engineer of Scottish background, Emerson
MacMillan. Emerson went to England, joined the British army in 1918, and was
commissioned as an officer. Emerson would see service with the only two British
units in the Far East, the “Tigers and the “Diehards”. The book depicts the events
and intense combat that took place along the Trans-Siberian Railroad over the
course of one-and-a-half years until the Red Army’s victory. In addition to
events on the fields of battle, the book also includes information on the Red
Cross’ humanitarian efforts in Russia, the problems that commander of the
American Expeditionary Force encountered, and the problematic relations among
the Allies in Russia.
The narrative returns to Emerson and
his men who were tasked in November 1919 with the evacuation of refugees from
Omsk. After successfully evacuating thousands of refugees, they took the last
train out of Omsk before its fall to the Bolsheviks, but were eventually taken
prisoner in Krasnoyarsk.
Held incommunicado, MacMillan and his
men were held in atrocious conditions; two of them contracted typhus and died. When
secret negotiations between the British government and the Bolsheviks aimed at
freeing the British detainees broke down, the men became a political embarrassment
for the British. The prisoners were eventually moved 3500 miles west to Moscow
where they were incarcerated, until their release was negotiated in 1920.
With tensions between Russia and the
West increasing today in a number of arenas across the globe, understanding the
roots of the today’s contentious relationship between the two sides is
important. This book contributes to this goal by highlighting little-known
events that helped to formulate Russian distrust of the West, an attitude that
influenced developments in World War two and continues to influence Russian
attitudes even today. In addition to being a rousing account of
resilience and courage under the most trying circumstances, this book also
provides detailed information about the experience of British prisoners of war
during the Russian Civil War, making it an invaluable source for military
historians in particular, and anyone researching the events of the Russian
Civil War.
*Ayse Dietrich - Professor, Part-time, at Middle East Technical University, Department of History, and Eurasian Studies. Editor and the founder of the International Journal of Russian Studies e-mail: editor@ijors.net, dayse@metu.edu.tr, dietrichayse@yahoo.com
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