ISSN: 2158-7051 ==================== INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RUSSIAN STUDIES ==================== ISSUE NO. 12 ( 2023/1 ) |
STALINISM AT WAR, 1937-49, THE SOVIET UNION IN WORLD WAR II, By Ayse Dietrich*,
Published by: Bloomsbury Publishing, Written by Mark Edele,
Year of Publishing: 2021. Subject Area: Soviet Union in World War II, Stalin.
Book Type: Russian History. Total Number of Pages: 272. ISBN: 978-1-3501-5351-6, hardback, $31,50.
This book, organized in
nine chapters, is about World War II and Stalin’s policies.
Chapter 1 discusses
whether the Soviet Union was ready to confront
the assault of a modern, industrialized army; mass warfare; the question of how important the different stages
of World War II were in the lives of ordinary
citizens, whether Stalin’s totalitarian state adequately prepared the country
for World War II; the deportations; and the Great Purges of 1937–1938 that
eliminated many of the most capable and sophisticated officers and prominent
guerrillas for partisan warfare. In addition the
writer also examines the topics of military effectiveness, the preparedness of
the economic system and society for a total war, and practical knowledge. It also talks about the counter-productive
aspects of this Stalinist war preparation, the subjugation of the peasantry
through collectivization and the confiscation of the most successful farmers in
1929–1932, and man-made famine which created a large class of dissatisfied second-class
citizens, crushing their willingness to put their lives on the line for the
regime.
Chapter 2 examines how Stalin managed to avoid the major threat of
a war on two fronts, the role of the Soviet Union in the war in Asia in 1937–1939,
Stalin’s geopolitical strategies that helped China to resist Japan, Stalin’s
paranoia and the deportations of Koreans, Soviet victory in the border war of
1938–1939, the clashes at Lake Khasan and Khalkhin Gol on the
Soviet–Japanese border, how Stalin’s maneuvers prevented Japan from attacking
the Soviet Union and “pushed Tokyo towards a ‘southern strategy’ keeping the
Soviet eastern front quiet until 1945 and brought Japan into conflict with the
United States”.
In Chapter 3 the author talks
about the role of the Soviets in the war that started in the West between 1939
and 1941 after the alliance with Germany, the invasion of foreign territories
and terror, expansion to the west, the justification
of the anti-fascist, anti-imperialist Soviet Union’s invasion of Poland via a
formula that explained Soviet intervention as a
national liberation to free Slavic Ukrainian and Belarusian brothers from
Polish oppression, the annexation of the Baltic countries and the logic behind
it.
Chapter 4 discusses the early
stages of the German–Soviet war between 1941 and 1942; how Germany declared war
without warning; Stalin’s strategies to deal with this catastrophe;,
the formation of the labor army; the evacuation of the residents of Leningrad,
Moscow, Ukraine and Belarus; executions
as a solution to impossible evacuations; and
the origins of this catastrophe. It also describes how
Stalin and his staunch supporters did not give up and were determined to resist
by conducting relentless counter-attacks to stop the German advance.
In Chapter 5 the author
talks about the remarkable recovery from the shock of the first weeks, the
Soviet’s dual process of centralization and de-centralization. The author
explains how de-centralization worked and “empowered
individuals circled like satellites around the
stationary center of the system: Stalin”. The chapter also discusses the massive
mobilization of resources, and men and women for defense; the Battle of Moscow
in 1942 that reached the Caucasus; the strategy the Soviets used to buy time to
for a counter-attack on the Germans’ flanks; conditions during the war; the
scarcity of food and malnutrition during the war.
Chapter 6 explains how the Soviets
won the war in 1943–1945 and explores the role of Allied support in Soviet
success and the Lend-Lease program enacted by the US; the Soviet role in the
victory in Asia; and how the two-front threat to the
birthplace of socialism had been neutralized. It
also analyses the wartime economy, the origins of the food crisis and the role of
coerced labor in Gulag camps.
Chapter 7 deals with the Russians’ reasons
for supporting Stalin and shows how Stalin’s war effort against Germany gained
the support of the Russian people and other nationalities who dedicated
themselves to the destruction of Nazism. The chapter also examines the
scorched-earth deportations; the role of Soviet partisan in the Soviet victory;
and the conflict in the western borderlands which evolved into a series of
civil wars within the context of the larger, conventional struggle.
Chapter 8 moves on to examine the
Soviet war against wartime
collaborators and nationalist guerrillas; the counter-insurgency troops’
criminal activities in the newly acquired territories between 1944–1949; the Soviet’s
attempts to re-establish their monopoly of violence; and the results of demobilization
and the reintegration of the former soldiers into civilian society.
In
Chapter 9 looks at the impact of World War II on Soviet society; how the
victory achieved by Stalin’s system war transformed into a war cult that became
one of the main elements of later Soviet culture and society; how the memory of
the war in the successor states came to focus
on victimization by Hitler and Stalin; and national resistance to totalitarianism in the wake of
the Soviet Union’s dissolution.
The author has made a significant
contribution to the history of World War II and Stalinism in the Soviet Union
and provided important insights into the impact of Stalin’s policies. This book
can be recommended for those interested in issues related to Soviet World War
II politics and the impact of total war on a society.
*Ayse Dietrich - Professor, Part-time, at Middle East Technical University, Department of History and Eurasian Studies. Editor and the founder of the International Journal of Russian Studies (IJORS) e-mail: editor@ijors.net, dayse@metu.edu.tr, dietrichayse@yahoo.com
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